วันอาทิตย์ที่ 1 มีนาคม พ.ศ. 2558

Mona Lisa

                                                     
                                                         ผลการค้นหารูปภาพสำหรับ โมนาลิซ่า

 This article is about the painting. For other uses, see Mona Lisa (disambiguation).The Mona Lisa (Monna Lisa or La Gioconda in Italian; La Joconde in French) is a half-length portrait of a woman by the Italian artist Leonardo da Vinci, which has been acclaimed as "the best known, the most visited, the most written about, the most sung about, the most parodied work of art in the world".
The painting, thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo, is in oil on a white Lombardy poplar panel, and is believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506, although Leonardo may have continued working on it as late as 1517. It was acquired by King Francis I of France and is now the property of the French Republic, on permanent display at the LouvreMuseum in Paris since 1797.
The ambiguity of the subject's expression, which is frequently described as enigmatic, the monumentality of the composition, the subtle modeling of forms and the atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the continuing fascination and study of the work.

Title and subject

The title of the painting that is known in English as Mona Lisa stems from a description by Renaissance art historian Giorgio Vasari, who wrote "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife." Mona in Italian is a polite form of address originating as ma donna – similar to Ma’am, Madam, or my lady in English. This becamemadonna, and its contraction mona. The title of the painting, though traditionally spelled "Mona" (as used by Vasari[5]), is also commonly spelled in modern Italian as Monna Lisa ("mona" being a vulgarity in some Italian dialects) but this is rare in English.[citation needed]
Vasari's account of the Mona Lisa comes from his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death, and which has long been the best known source of information on the provenance of the work and identity of the sitter. Leonardo's assistant Salaì, at his death in 1525, owned a portrait which in his personal papers was named la Gioconda, a painting bequeathed to him by Leonardo. That Leonardo painted such a work, and its date, were confirmed in 2005 when a scholar at Heidelberg University discovered a marginal note in a 1477 printing of a volume written by the ancient Romanphilosopher Cicero. The note is dated October 1503 and was written by Leonardo's contemporary Agostino Vespucci. This note likens Leonardo to renowned Greek painter Apelles, who is mentioned in the text, and states that Leonardo was at that time working on a painting of Lisa del Giocondo.The sitter, Lisa del Giocondo,[8][9] was a member of the Gherardini family of Florence and Tuscany, and the wife of wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo.The painting is thought to have been commissioned for their new home, and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea. The Italian name for the painting, La Gioconda, means "jocund" ("happy" or "jovial"), or literally "the jocund one", a pun on the feminine form of the sitter's married name Giocondo. In French, the title La Joconde has the same meaning.
Over the years there have been several alternative views among scholars as to the subject of the painting. Some have argued that Lisa del Giocondo was the subject of a different portrait, identifying at least four other paintings as the Mona Lisa referred to by Vasari. Several other individuals have been proposed as the subject of the painting. Isabella of Aragon,Cecilia Gallerani, Costanza d'Avalos, Duchess of Francavilla, Isabella d'Este, Pacifica Brandano or Brandino, Isabela Gualanda, Caterina Sforza—even Salaì and Leonardo himself—are all among the list of posited models portrayed in the painting.[18][19] Currently, the consensus of art historians is that the painting depicts Lisa del Giocondo, which has always been the traditional view.

Révolution française



                                      ผลการค้นหารูปภาพสำหรับ การปฏิวัติ ฝรั่งเศส      
                                              
                                       ผลการค้นหารูปภาพสำหรับ การปฏิวัติ ฝรั่งเศส

   La Révolution française est la période de l'histoire de Francecomprise entre l'ouverture des États généraux, le 5 mai 1789, et lecoup d'État du 18 brumaire de Napoléon Bonaparte, le 9 novembre1799. Il s'agit d'un moment crucial de l'histoire de France, puisqu'elle marque la fin de l'Ancien Régime, et le remplacement de la monarchie absolue française par une monarchie constitutionnelle, puis par laPremière République. Elle a mis fin à la royauté, à la société d'ordres et aux privilèges. Elle a légué à la France la Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen, qui proclame l'égalité des citoyens devant la loi, les libertés fondamentales et la souveraineté de la Nation, apte à se gouverner au travers de représentants élus. Plusieurs centaines de milliers de personnes trouvèrent la mort durant cette révolution, notamment pendant la Terreur (16 594 personnes guillotinées1) et pendant les tentatives de contre-révolution, notamment la guerre de Vendée.
Dès son commencement, la portée universelle des idées de la Révolution française a été proclamée par ses partisans, et l'ampleur de ses conséquences soulignée par ses détracteurs2. Les guerres de la Révolution française, qui ont touché une large partie de l’Europe continentale, ont abouti à la création de « républiques sœurs » et à la transformation des frontières et des États d'Europe, contribuant à la diffusion des idées révolutionnaires. Ces conflits ont ensuite trouvé leur prolongement dans les guerres napoléoniennes. La Révolution est restée un objet de débats ainsi qu'une référence positive tout autant que négative tout au long des deux siècles qui l'ont suivie, en France comme dans le monde.
La Révolution française a créé des divisions immédiates et durables entre les partisans des idées révolutionnaires et les défenseurs de l'ordre ancien, et aussi entre les anticléricaux et l'Église catholique.
En 1799, Napoléon Bonaparte accède au pouvoir et inaugure la période du Consulat, qui aboutit, cinq ans plus tard, à l'avènement de l'Empire.

Champs-Élysées

                                   
                            ผลการค้นหารูปภาพสำหรับ ถนนชองเอลิเซ่ ฝรั่งเศส

The Avenue des Champs-Élysées (French pronunciation: [av(ə).ny de ʃɑ̃.ze.li.ze]  is a boulevard in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, 1.9 kilometres long and 70 metres wide, which runs between the Place de la Concorde and the Place Charles de Gaulle, where the Arc de Triomphe is located. It is famous for its theatres, cafés and luxury shops, and for the military parade that takes place each year on the avenue on 14 July to celebrate Bastille Day. The name is French for Elysian Fields, the paradise for dead heroes in Greek 

venice



                                        ผลการค้นหารูปภาพสำหรับ เมืองเวนิส                                                                    

                                                  ผลการค้นหารูปภาพสำหรับ เมืองเวนิส



""Venezia" redirects Venice (English /ˈvɛnɪs/; Italian: Venezia  alternative obsolete form: Vinegia; Venetian: Venexia  Latin: Venetiae) is a city in northeastern Italy sited on a group of 117 small islands separated by canals and linked by bridges.[2] It is located in the marshy Venetian Lagoon which stretches along the shoreline, between the mouths of the Po and the PiaveRivers. Venice is renowned for the beauty of its setting, its architecture, and its artworks.[2] The city in its entirety is listed as a World Heritage Site, along with its lagoon.

Venice is the capital of the Veneto region. In 2009, there were 270,098 people residing in Venice's comune (the population estimate of 272,000 inhabitants includes the population of the whole Comune of Venezia; around 60,000in the historic city of Venice (Centro storico); 176,000 in Terraferma (theMainland), mostly in the large frazioni (roughly equivalent to "parishes" or "wards" in other countries) of Mestre and Marghera; 31,000 live on other islands in the lagoon). Together with Padua and Treviso, the city is included in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE), with a total population of 1,600,000. PATREVE is only a statistical metropolitan area without any degree of autonomy.
The name is derived from the ancient Veneti people who inhabited the region by the 10th century BC. The city historically was the capital of theRepublic of Venice. Venice has been known as the "La Dominante", "Serenissima", "Queen of the Adriatic", "City of Water", "City of Masks", "City of Bridges", "The Floating City", and "City of Canals". Luigi Barzini described it in The New York Times as "undoubtedly the most beautiful city built by man".Venice has also been described by the Times Online as being one of Europe's most romantic cities
The Republic of Venice was a major maritime power during the Middle Agesand Renaissance, and a staging area for the Crusades and the Battle of Lepanto, as well as a very important center of commerce (especially silk, grain, and spice) and art in the 13th century up to the end of the 17th century. This made Venice a wealthy city throughout most of its history.[8] It is also known for its several important artistic movements, especially the Renaissance period. Venice has played an important role in the history of symphonic and operatic music, and it is the birthplace of Antonio Vivaldi.[9]here. For other uses, see Venezia (disambiguation) and Venice (disambiguation).